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Treatment for the removal of Pelvic Adhesions is through a surgical procedure called "adhesiolysis." The adhesiolysis procedure may involve cutting and releasing the adhesions during a laparoscopy procedure or treating the adhesions during a laparotomy.

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Pelvic adhesions are bands of scarlike tissue that form between two surfaces inside the body. Inflammation from infection, surgery, or trauma can cause tissues to bond to other tissues or organs.

Pelvic adhesions are the cause of many gynecological problems including significant pain, infertility and conception. Pelvic adhesions are irritations of a woman's pelvic organs as a result of a "pelvic inflammatory event" or from trauma to the area such as in the case of pelvic or gynecological surgery.

Examples of a pelvic inflammatory event include; fallopian tube infections that might occur from endometriosis, removal of an ovarian cyst, sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea, post surgery infections, and even appendicitis and appendectomies.

As a woman's body's pelvic area recovers from an inflammation, trauma or surgery, it begins the healing process and starts to repair itself. The woman's body and its' healing process may cause some tissues and structures in the pelvis to become unintentionally "stuck" to another tissue or structure. In a normal woman's healthy pelvis, this space is lined with a tissue called the peritoneum, which also covers the outside of organs located in the abdomen and pelvis. In the pelvis of a non-injured/non-irritated woman, the peritoneum can be very "slippery" with the the organs and structures lying immediately next to each other that "slip" off each other and do not become bonded together. With a woman who has had a pelvic inflammation, trauma or injury, her body's healing process starts a sequence of events that may result in some of the pelvic tissues becoming "stuck" to or "adhering" to tissues or organs next to the inflamed, or injured tissue, and when this occurs, the outcome may be pelvic adhesions.

The surgical procedure for removing pelvic adhesions is known as "adhesiolysis." Pelvic adhesions removed through adhesiolysis surgery can be a costly medical problem. According to a study, adhesiolysis (the surgery that removes pelvic adhesions) was responsible for about 450,000 adhesiolysis surgeries and hospitalizations involving the female reproductive system and digestive tract occurred in 1993 alone and accounted for over $2 billion in hospitalization and surgeon expenditures.

Surgical adhesions are very similar to pelvic adhesions. Surgical adhesions may begin forming within 3-5 days after surgery.

Gynecologic oncology is the field of medicine that deals with cancers of the female reproductive system. These types of cancer include;

Gynecologic cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women which affects approximately 1 in 20 women.

What is Gynecologic Urology?

Gynecologic Urology, also referred to as Uro-gynecology, is a subspecialty within the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Uro-gynecology's specialty is female pelvic disorders such as pelvic organ prolapse (bulges that extend from the uterus into the vagina or extend out of the vagina), urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and constipation.

Doctors that complete their residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology, then go onto complete fellowship training in Uro-gynecology, where they spend several years focusing only on Uro-gynecology and female pelvic disorders.

What is Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

Pelvic Organ Prolapse or Pelvic Prolapse, is a very common condition, particularly among older women. It's estimated that half of women who have children will experience some form of Pelvic Organ Prolapsee in later life. Many women, particularly because they may no longer be sexually active, and fail to continue receiving their annual pelvic exams, don't seek help from their doctor. Therefore, the actual number of women affected by Pelvic Organ Prolapse is unknown.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse may also be called; genital prolapse, pelvic relaxation, pelvic prolapse, uterine prolapse, uterovaginal prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, urogenital prolapse or vaginal vault prolapse.

Pelvic Prolapse is another term used for "Pelvic Organ Prolapse." Pelvic Prolapse is a very common condition, particularly among older women. It's estimated that half of women who have children will experience some form of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in later life. Many women, particularly because they may no longer be sexually active, and fail to continue receiving their annual pelvic exams, don't seek help from their doctor. Therefore, the actual number of women affected by Pelvic Organ Prolapse is unknown.

Pelvic Prolapse may also be called; genital prolapse, pelvic relaxation, pelvic prolapse, uterine prolapse, uterovaginal prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, urogenital prolapse or vaginal vault prolapse.

What are the symptoms that indicate a woman is suffering from Pelvic Organ Prolapse?

What is Pelvic Reconstruction?

Pelvic Reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed by gynecologists or uro-gynecologies to repair pelvic organ prolapse and vaginal vault prolapse, among types of prolapse, and to correct the problem(s) and relieve the symptoms.

Typically, Pelvic Reconstruction is performed vaginally and uses an implant to reinforce the strength of the weakened pelvic tissues.

A Prolapsed Uterus refers to a collapsed uterus, or descended uterus, or other change in the position of the uterus in relation to the surrounding structures within the pelvis. The pelvis contains many soft tissue structures vital to normal body functions, supported primarily by the diaphragms, layers of muscles, fibrous coverings called fasciae, and various ligaments and tendons. These soft tissues of the pelvis derive their ultimate support from the bony pelvis.

A Prolapsed Uterus may be one of three types, depending on the severity:

• First-degree prolapse occurs when the uterus sags downward into the upper
vagina.

• Second-degree prolapse occurs when the cervix is at or near the outside of the
vagina.

• Third-degree prolapse (sometimes referred to as total prolapse) occurs when the entire uterus extends outside the vagina.

Colpopexy is the surgical suturing of the prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure - such as the abdominal wall or the sacrum, which is then called Sacral Colpopexy or Sacrocolpopexy

Sacral Colpopexy, also referred to as also referred to as also referred to as Sacrocolpopexy, is the preferred surgical procedure for treating and correcting Vaginal Vault Prolapse with excellent results. Sacral Colpopexy (Sacrocolpopexy) has a very high rate of success and the surgical procedure involves suturing a synthetic mesh that connects and supports the vagina to the sacrum, or tailbone. The Sacrocolpopexy operation is performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or present surgery to remove the uterus) by using a synthetic mesh.

Why Is Sacrocolpopexy Performed?

Sacrocolpopexy is performed to treat severe protrusion or bulge(s) of the vagina after removal of the uterus.

A woman's vagina that has one or more of these vaginal protrusion(s) may experience one or more of the following:

• The vaginal lump/bulge or protrusion feels uncomfortable or causes pain.
• Difficulty with urination (e.g. unable to completely empty the bladder)
• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)
• Pain
• Infection
• Bleeding

The objective of the Sacrocolpopexy operation is to relieve the woman's symptoms and to restore her vagina and her vaginal anatomy (as much as possible) and recover her sexual function.

Are there any risks associated with Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

Sacrocolpopexy surgery is a very common and relatively safe operation with excellent prognosis and outcomes. However, like any surgical procedure, there are complications which may occur. Possible complications from Sacrocolpopexy surgery may include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to surrounding tissues (e.g. nerve or blood vessels, ureter, intestines)
• Formation of blood clot(s) in the legs or lungs
• Recurrence of problem
• Slow return of bowel or bladder function
• Erosion of synthetic material through vaginal mucosa

What Happens Before Sacrocolpopexy Surgery?

1. Blood tests, electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-ray may be done to ensure that you are in optimal health for Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

2. Your doctor may prescribe oral or vaginal estrogen (hormone) if you are already menopausal. It is important to comply with this medication as it ensures that your vaginal tissues are optimal for surgery and healing.

3. You will be admitted to the hospital one day before Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

4. You will be given preparations to clear your bowels.

5. Your pubic hair surrounding on your vulva and surrounding your vagina will be shaved.

6. You will not be allowed to eat or drink after midnight on the day before the surgery.

7. All your medical and surgical conditions, if any, must be made known to the doctor and must be optimally controlled.

8. If you are on aspirin, please keep your doctor informed. You must stop taking aspirin at least one week before Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

What happens during the Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

The surgery is done under general or regional anesthesia. The anesthesiologist will discuss with you the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.

An abdominal incision is made. The synthetic mesh is stitched to the posterior surface of the vagina and to the ligaments in front of the spine.

A tube / drain may be inserted into the abdomen to monitor the bleeding.

Another tube will be inserted into the urethra as there may be difficulty in urination after the Sacrocolpopexy procedure.

Painkillers, laxatives and antibiotics would generally be prescribed after the procedure.

What happens after Sacrocolpopexy surgery?

1. Immediately after the operation, you may experience one or more of the following:

• Tiredness - You should rest and gradually increase your mobilization until you feel fit to return to your normal activities.

• Discomfort - In the lower part of the abdomen, over the incision. This is to be expected and painkillers should help to relieve the discomfort.

• Vaginal bleeding - Mild to moderate amount of reddish watery discharge after surgery is quite normal. You will need to wear a menstrual pad during the recovery period, but you will not be permitted to use tampons for obvious reasons.

2. One day after surgery, you will usually be allowed to drink and eat. You will be encouraged to move around. Blood chemistries and normal follow-up visits will be performed.

3. The catheter that was placed in your urethra is usually removed the day after surgery. The drain is usually removed two days after the operation.

4. You may be discharged on the third or fourth day after surgery if the doctor is pleased with your progress and the outcome of the Sacrocolpopexy procedure.

5. You should refrain from:

• Strenuous exercise for 2 months. You may return to normal activity after that, or upon clearance by your doctor.

• Using tampons, douching, sexual intercourse and driving for 4 weeks.

• Carrying heavy weights (> 10 pounds) for 6-8 weeks after Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

6. You should (immediately) return to the hospital or notify your doctor if you notic any of the following:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal distension and / or pain not relieved by painkillers
• High fever
• Pain associated with passing urine
• Difficulty in passing urine
• Constipation

Follow-up doctor visits after Sacrocolpopexy surgery

You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately; 2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacrocolpopexy surgery.

It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.

What is "Colposuspension" surgery?

Age and vaginal childbirth takes it toll on women's pelvic organs.

"Female Urinary Incontinence" is one of the problems most (over 50%) women who have delivered babies vaginally have to contend with. Women with Female Urinary Incontinence "leak" urine when they strain, cough, laugh or run. This condition is also called "stress urinary incontinence" meaning the stress of physical activity, not emotional stress is causing her to "leak" urine.

The problems associated with female urinary incontinence are corrected in the the "floor" of the woman's pelvis by several methods or types of surgeries - one of which is called Colposuspension.

A woman's pelvic floor is a sheet of special muscles and ligaments that stretch across the inside of the female pelvis. Women can feel it "tighten" when they try to hold back the flow of urine - or when they strain, cough, laugh or run. The uterus and bladder are located above the pelvic floor. The vagina and the opening of the bladder (the urethra) pass through the pelvic floor. If the pelvic floor weakens, the uterus and bladder "drop" down. The control of the urine is thereby weakened.

Colposuspension surgery strengthens the pelvic floor to lift, or "suspend" the uterus and bladder back up to their correct position within the woman's pelvis

What is "Urethropexy"?

Urethropexy is a surgical procedure where the support of a woman's urethra is re-supported through sutures that surround the urethra's pelvic floor and vaginal tissues to her pubic bone.

As previously stated, Vaginal Vault Prolapse occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons. Vaginal Vault Suspension is the surgical procedure that corrects and repairs Vaginal Vault Prolapse.

What is a Vaginal Vault Prolapse?

The vaginal vault is the area at the top of the vagina, next to and adjacent to the cervix. It can only “fall” or descend downwards toward the introitus, or the entrance of the vagina, after a woman's womb has been removed (hysterectomy).

Vaginal Vault Prolapse occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons.

Vaginal Vault Suspension is the surgical procedure that repairs Vaginal Vault Prolapse and also provides support for the apex or "vaginal vault" of the vagina to pelvic structures.

What is a Trachelectomy?

A trachelectomy, also referred to as a cervicectomy, is the surgical removal of the cervix.

In this surgery, the uterus itself is saved or preserved, and therefore this type of surgery preserves a woman's chance of becoming pregnant and having children. The trachelectomy surgical alternative - as opposed to the more radical hysterectomy which removes the uterus in addition to the cervix - is typically elected by younger women with early stage cervical cancer.

Reconstructive pelvic surgery is an area of surgery dealing with a woman's pelvis, and includes gynecology and uro-gynecology. Pelvic reconstructive surgery is many times very complex surgery that may require not just the removal of certain organs or tissues in a woman's pelvis, but may also include the resection of areas and putting her organs and tissues back together in a way that makes her more functional, with less/no pain and feels better.

Pelvic inflammatory disease, or "PID" is an infection of a woman's pelvic organs which include the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

Bacteria causes pelvic inflammatory disease. Bacteria can move upward, from a woman's vagina or cervix - which is the opening to the uterus, or womb - into her fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus, which then cause an infection. Many types of bacteria can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. But bacteria found in two common sexually transmitted diseases - chlamydia and gonorrhea - are the most frequent causes of pelvic inflammatory disease.

After a woman becomes infected, it can take from a few days to a few months to develop pelvic inflammatory disease.

Other symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease may include one or more of the following; fever, pain in the right upper abdomen, pain during vaginal intercourse, and irregular menstrual bleeding.

Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly when caused by chlamydia, may produce only minor symptoms or no symptoms at all, even though it can seriously damage the reproductive organs.

Untreated, pelvic inflammatory disease causes scarring and can lead to infertility, tubal pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and other serious problems.

Pelvic inflammatory disease is more common and more aggressive in HIV+ women than in uninfected women. Pelvic inflammatory disease may become a chronic and relapsing condition as a woman's immune system deteriorates.

Women can play an active role in protecting themselves from pelvic inflammatory disease disease by following these steps and precautions:

* Call your doctor if you have discharge with odor or bleeding between cycles.

* Use either male or female condoms during sex.

What is Pelvic Floor Dysfunction?

Pelvic floor dysfunction, which is also referred to as outlet obstruction or outlet delay, refers to a condition in which the pelvic floor muscles of a woman's lower pelvis - that surround the rectum, do not function normally. It is not known why these muscles fail to work properly in some women, but they can make the passage of stools difficult even when everything else seemingly is normal.

What Causes Pelvic Floor Dysfunction?

Women with pelvic floor dysfunction find that muscle pain occurs when muscles are tense, strained, traumatized and/or otherwise inflamed. Their pelvic muscles are no exception. Causes of pelvic floor dysfunction can include:

* Chronic faulty posture with weak core musculature
* Trauma (fall on tailbone, old tailbone fracture, auto accident)
* Inflammation or infection
* Pelvic organ disease (endometriosis, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis)
* Repetitive motion injuries such as those from gymnastics, volleyball, soccer, ballet or ice
skating
* Abdominal muscle wall weakness or hernias
* Chronic constipation
* Pregnancy or complicated vaginal delivery
* Abdominal or pelvic surgery such as a hysterectomy

Do I have Pelvic Floor Dysfunction?

Women with pelvic floor dysfunction often have changes in their spine and/or pelvis. Symptoms or conditional might include; scoliosis, short leg, swayback or a "torsioned" sacrum. The most common symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction include one or more of the following:

* Vaginal pain
* Pain with urination
* Urinary urgency and frequency
* Rectal pain
* Pain during vaginal intercourse
* Pain with sitting, standing, walking
* Pain and/or difficulty getting up from a seated or lying down position
* Hip pain often with loss of range of motion in hips
* Deep pain in lower back radiating to legs, thighs, groin, hips
* Abdominal and lower abdominal/intestinal pain
* Pelvic pressure or a feeling like your vagina or uterus are "falling out."
* Involuntary loss of urine or stool

Perineoplasty, also known as "Perineorrhaphy,"is one of the fastest growing elective medical procedures and is the reparative or plastic surgery of the perineum which helps women with problems with vaginal opening laxity or looseness - medically referred to as "Vaginal Relaxation." Many also incorrectly call this procedure "vaginoplasty" or "vaginaplasty."

Perineorrhaphy is the reconstruction of the muscles and tissues at the opening of the vagina and has successfully decreased the "introitus" or size of the vaginal opening. Perineorrhaphy does NOT reduce sexual sensation, in fact, properly performed, Perineorrhaphy INCREASES sensation for the woman as well as her husband/partner.

More and more women are seeking "female genital surgery" to correct problems relating to their vulvas whether they are unhappy with the looks of their vulva or if their elongated labia minora are causing them pain or embarrassment - female genital surgery can correct these problems.

What you, and he, are experiencing, is something called "Vaginal Relaxation" the medical term for having a "loose vagina."

These are just some of the complaints we regularly hear from women who want to improve their vulva and how it looks (and feels) - and what we call "cosmetic gynecology."

Cosmetic gynecology may be what you have been looking for! Look great, feel great, we can help you have the labia minora, vagina or vulva you always dreamed of!

Vaginal dryness is one of the most distressing, and painful problems a woman faces. Vaginal dryness occurs when the natural vagina secretions decreases within the vagina. The amount of vaginal moisture varies throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Vaginal dryness is particularly problematical as a woman enters and becomes menopausal.

What is a "Vaginal Moisturizer"?

Vaginal moisturizers, provided by numerous companies, and a variety of brand names, are products designed to relieve the pain and discomfort of vaginal dryness. These products are applied or inserted, into the vagina, one or more times per day, depending on the amount of vaginal dryness she may be experiencing.

A vaginal moisturizer may or may not be a vaginal lubricant. Vaginal lubricants are normally used as an aid for intercourse and used on a short-term basis to help a woman that is not able to produce enough vaginal moisture to permit her to comfortably (and painlessly) engage in intercourse.

A menstruating woman's vaginal moisture changes from day to day, and varies depending upon her hormones that control the production of vaginal moisture. A woman can experience vaginal dryness even during times of menstrual bleeding.

All menstruating women's vaginas go through monthly changes wherein their vagina's smell or scent changes from one day to the next, and throughout her monthly menstrual cycle. The amount of vaginal secretions, cervical mucous and vaginal moisture, changes from one day to the next, and throughout the monthly menstrual cycle. This is due to the flow of hormones that produce these changes throughout her cycle and also the reason for her monthly menstruation, if she has not conceived.

Here are some of the signs and symptoms related and possible causes of V.O. (vaginal odor):

Vaginal odor may be the result of an inflammation of her vagina. The vaginal inflammation is often a result of infection in or around the vagina or vulva, called the vulvovaginal area. Sometimes this condition is referred to as vulvovaginitis.

Causes of Vaginal Odor

Bacterial Vaginosis
Chlamydia
Genital Herpes
Gonorrhea
Lymphogranuloma Venereum ("LGV")
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ("PID")
Sexually Transmitted Infection(s)
Syphilis
Trichomonas
Vaginal Yeast Infection (candida)
Vulvovaginitis

Bacterial Vaginosis leads to vaginal odor, what causes it?

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a type of vulvovaginitis. Bacterial Vaginosis occurs due to an overgrowth of one or more organisms that are normally present in your/your wife's vagina.

Many times, when a woman begins taking antibiotics, these antibiotics kill off the natural organisms in her vagina. This may cause some organisms in her vagina to multiply, and these organisms produce chemicals that cause a fish-like odor characteristic of BV. Vaginal odor may be more acute, and stronger after sexual intercourse.

Many times, while a woman may believe that vaginal douching prevents or helps prevent vaginal odor, especially after menstruation, douching actually disrupts the normal flora, or naturally occurring organisms that normally live in the vagina. Vaginal douching, therefore, may actually increase the risk of vaginal infection.

Signs and symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis include(s):

* Grayish-white vaginal discharge
* Vaginal itching or irritation
* Vulva/labial redness, irritation, swelling and redness

Treating Bacterial Vaginosis is normally started after a visit to the ob-gyn who may prescribe medication(s) - usually antibiotics.

Other causes of vaginal odor include the following:

Poor vaginal, menstrual or feminine hygiene methods.

"Losing" or forgetting a tampon in the vagina, which may lead to a vaginal infection.

Rarely, an advanced tumor of the cervix or vagina will cause a vaginal odor problem.

Vaginal Hygiene is an area that focuses its studies, resources, and recommended products on proper Vaginal Hygiene, and overcoming Vaginal Hygiene problems. Whether you are concerned about menstruation, whether you should consider douching, vaginal odors, vaginal dryness, menstrual odors during menstruation, or general feminine hygiene information, this site is for you.

Gardnerella or Gardnerella Vaginalis is an infection in the vagina caused by bacteria of the Gardnerella Vaginalis strain, often in combination with various anaerobic bacteria. This bacterial strain, "Gardnerella Vaginalis" is also the cause of "bacterial vaginosis" or "BV."

A vaginal infection caused by Gardnerella often produces a gray or yellow discharge with a "fishy" vaginal odor that increases after washing the vulvovaginal area with alkaline soaps.

Gardnerella Vaginalis is one of the most common causes of bacterial vaginitis - also called bacterial vaginosis, or "BV."

Typically, the woman will see her family physician or gynecologist with complaints of a strong vaginal odor that is "fishy" smelling, along with a vaginal discharge which is gray to white in color. The vaginal odor or fishy smell may be released on application of 10 percent potassium hydroxide to the vaginal secretion on a glass slide during a vaginal exam by the physician.

The normal vaginal pH is 3.5 - 4.5. with optimum vaginal pH in the 3.8 to 4.2 range.